Following the death of John Carter in October 1873, the control of the brewery company passed to his only surviving son, George William Carter. Born in 1842, George Carter had been privately educated before entering Caius College, Cambridge, in 1861. (1) After coming down from the University Carter was employed by the brewery at an annual salary of £150 (2) although he returned briefly to Cambridge in 1868 in order to obtain his Master of Arts degree. (3) Despite his active association with the brewery Carter appears to have decided upon a legal career and to have become a bencher of Greys Inn for an item of expenditure dated 1871 concerns payment of a fee of £85 to the Treasurer of Greys Inn in Carter's name. (4) It is quite probable that George Carter was influenced in his decision by contact with his uncle, William Edward Carter, (1814-84) who had been a solicitor at Pontefract since 1858 and acted as the legal representative of the brewery company. Whatever the nature of the influence, George William Carter was listed as a barrister in 1871. (5) Carter was, however, a non-practising lawyer for in January, 1872, he was once again actively involved in the business of the brewery, receiving £25 as payment "for services" at that time. (6) and by March that year had become a full partner in the company sharing a £500 dividend with his father. (7)

As head of the company George Carter inherited the 'tied house' policy begun by his father almost forty years earlier. Whereas Carter senior had commenced his expansionist policy in generally favourable circumstances, however, his son was less fortunate.

Aroused by the increasingly strident propaganda and activity of the Temperance Movement against drunkenness and its attendant evils, the Liberal Government was prompted to adopt a measure in 1869 by which beerhouse licensing was temporarily controlled by local magistrates. The measure was enacted as permanent legislation in 1872 and marked a decline in the number of such premises thereafter with some existing places successfully applying for full licence status.

The demand for licensed premises continued to rise, however, as population growth, particularly in urban centres, ensured a rising market for drink. Thus, although legislative constraint restricted market availability the demand for existing premises increased, promoting business competition and occasioning a sharp rise in property prices. (8) The corollary was that brewers strove to retain their share of the market by converting existing leaseholds into freeholds and obtaining long-term leases on premises previously subject to annual rental. (9)

It is therefore unsurprising that within a few weeks of the demise of John Carter the company accounts record payment of 17s. as

"expenses for attending sale of public house at Barnsley." (10)

Insight into the growing competitiveness within the trade at this time is provided by references in respect of expenses arising from attendance at local sessions, viz:-

"Pontefract and Snaith Brewster Sessions applying for and opposing licences." (my italics) (11)

and again,

"legal expenses in opposing new licences and transfer licences at the last Brewster Sessions." (my italics) (12)

Likewise, much time was spent in defending or appealing against bans and sundry impositions decreed by local magistrates in respect of public misconduct and disorder. In the Spring of 1878 for example, the company was involved in a somewhat protracted and costly attempt to rescind a licence suspension imposed by the Justices at Snaith arising from a disturbance which had recently occurred at the Clock Inn. (13) Loss of licence was not only a loss of revenue but a reflection upon the brewery company. Mindful of this the Carters' kept a tight control over their tenants. The infrequency of reports of disorder concerning company houses is an indication of this control but the 1870s and '80s were decades when the company sought to tighten is control even more by means of clearly defined legal formalities which may have been introduced in consequence of George Carter's legal training and outlook as well as being a reflection of changing social attitudes. An example is seen in the recorded payment of £1-17-6 to Edwin Lawson in 1881 for the preparation of fifteen public house agreements for use in connection with tied house tenancies. (14) A further aspect of recourse to legal measures is the enfranchisement of copyhold properties belonging to the company. In August 1876, the sum of £81-2-6 was paid to the Duchy of Lancaster for manumission of certain constraints with regard to the New Inn, Pontefract. (15) Again, in June 1877, the sum of £180 was paid to the Bland family of Kippax to facilitate enfranchisement of the Bridge Inn, Glasshoughton, the copyhold of which, together with cottages and land had been held by the brewery for almost three decades. (16)

Further recourse to the protection of the law took place in September 1877, when the company formally registered its trademark. (17) Under the terms of the Trade Marks Registration Act of 1875, a register had been established at the Patent Office. The haphazard and confused course of the Industrial Revolution throughout the previous century had created the need for a degree of co-ordination with regard to standards of quality of manufactured goods. By the adoption of a distinctive and unique trademark the products of the company could be clearly identified in the public mind and provide an assurance of quality concerning the firm's goods. By the same token, conferment of an exclusive trademark prevented any unscrupulous trader from passing off inferior goods on an unsuspecting public to the injury of the brewery's reputation. In keeping with the requirements of the 1875 Act the company mark consisted of elements associated with the company and comprised a Talbot, adopted from the Carter coat of arms, surmounting the monogrammed initials J.C.& C., representing the name of the firm, John Carter & Co. Initially, the trademark was merely a form of product identification but in 1877 the process was carried to its logical conclusion when legal protection was afforded to the company by the passing of the Merchandise Marks Act.

Existing leases were also 'tidied up'. In April 1876, the company paid a fine of £52-1-4 to the Aire & Calder Navigation Co. in order to redraw the lease on the Sydney Hotel, Goole, and its attendant properties. (18) The renewed lease, in accordance with previous practice, was for a period of 99 years and was redrawn again in April 1879, November 1881, and May, 1883, in consequence of the demise of various company shareholders, (19) being redrawn in George Carter's sole name at the latter date at a cost of £90 and finally, in December the following year. (20) Simultaneously, a 99-year lease was negotiated in respect of the Steam Packet Inn, Goole. (21)

Meanwhile, the company continued to accrue public houses, often in consequence of loan default, as in the case of the Royal Hotel, Batley. The leasehold had been acquired by the brewery from William Carr in 1874, as the terms of a loan. (22) By the following year, the inn, now in the hands of Carr's widow, was again used as the basis for the procurement of a further loan. (23) The scale of her financial liabilities seems to have overwhelmed Mrs Carr and in March 1875, the inn, (formerly two dwelling houses), was sold to the brewery company. (24) The premises cost £1,900 of which the sum of £1,000 was paid to a Mr Sheard, being an outstanding debt for which the brewery became liable upon the purchase of the property. (25) The company records reveal that the hotel was vacated on the 24th March, 1875, and that Sheard was formally installed as tenant in June. (26) It appears that Sheard had taken over the tenancy in a temporary capacity between the death of William Carr and the sale of the property the following Spring, presumably with the approval of the brewery, for the company records clearly reveal the firm's policy of changing a tenancy upon taking possession of a public house. The policy is illustrated in respect of the Junction Inn, Methley, when the brewery obtained control in December 1879. At that date a Mr Ward, the sitting tenant, was paid the sum of 10s as compensation for agreeing to surrender his tenancy with immediate effect. (27)

The leasehold of another inn beyond the immediate area served by the brewery and obtained by George Carter was the Yorkshire Hussar, York. The circumstances which led to the initial acquisition of this house are unclear but personal debt is a probable factor for on the 2nd February, 1874, George Carter lent £250 to Charles and William Broughton and Timothy Pockett, executors of the late Thomas Broughton and the loan was set against the valuation of the inn, excluding sundry brewing utensils, hops, etc., which were stated to already belong to John Carter & Co. (28) The existence of such items is a clear indication of the company's prior involvement at this location. Charles Broughton was the named tenant at that date, but the owner of the premises was given as Sarah Jane Harker of Union Terrace, (later of Buckingham Street), York, from whom a ten-year lease was obtained at the rate of £40 per annum, commencing 1st January 1874. (29)

It has been asserted that throughout the 1870s - '80s one third of all York's public houses were tied houses belonging to the Tadcaster Brewery and were in a derelict and disreputable condition. (30) Awareness of this situation may have led George Carter to anticipate an opportunity for business expansion at that time, resulting in the decision to obtain the Yorkshire Hussar as the first step in fulfilment of his goal. If such was the case the plan never came to fruition for although the Yorkshire Hussar was retained as a long-term leasehold it also remained the sole company outlet in the area.

The York house was only one of several premises obtained by the company in 1874. On the 16th May, the Anvil Inn, Knottingley, with its adjoining dwelling house and other properties was purchased. (31) The 6th November, 1874, saw the payment of £27, representing 10% of the purchase price, as the deposit on the Ancient Shepherds, (sic) Beal, with its adjoining dwellings. (32) The balance of £243 was paid in January, 1875, (33) when Henry Franks was installed as the publican, paying an annual rent of £9. (34) The same year also saw the purchase of the Railway Inn, Pontefract, together with orchard, garden and two cottages, being purchased on the 3rd May, 1875, at a cost of £2,000. The somewhat inflated price is an indication of the rapidly rising valuation of licensed premises by that time. (35) The Inn, formerly comprising two separate dwelling houses, had previously been rented by the brewery. (36)

The following year two further public houses at Pontefract were purchased by the company. On the 15th May, 1876, the company paid £50 deposit on the New Inn and adjacent properties. (37) At that date the premises belonged to Thomas Wilson,

"we having taken the purchase off his hands." (38)

It thus appears that the sale was privately negotiated, the company agreeing to compensate Wilson who had apparently obtained first option to purchase the property. The fact is confirmed by the payment of £50 to Wilson in April, 1877,

"for transferring his purchase of the New Inn, Pontefract, as per agreement." (39)

Like the Bridge Inn, Glasshoughton, the newly acquired property was copyhold and on the 1st August the following year Wilson, who had been retained as the tenant, paid the sum required to commute all obligation, on behalf of the brewery. (40) Wilson's tenancy, which may have formed part of the agreement made with the company, proved to be of considerable duration, lasting until 1892 when he was succeeded by Mrs Margaret Wilson who appears to have held the tenancy until 1932. (41)

The purchase of the New Inn was in fact a quite protracted affair for the balance of the purchase price of the property, which included a blacksmith's shop, stables and other outbuildings, was not paid until the 28th April, 1877, when the sum of £1,950 was paid to John Balmforth (sic). (42)

John Barmforth was also the agent involved in the purchase of an un-named beerhouse, cottages and sundry buildings situated in the Cornmarket, Pontefract, on the 10th October,1876. (43) Identification of the said premises becomes clear, however, with the record of payment to Barmforth to enable purchase of the Gardener's Arms on the 22nd November 1876. (44) The company records reveal that the stable in the inn yard was formerly the brewhouse, an echo of the days of the publican-brewer. (45) The inn yard must have been quite congested for in addition to the former brewhouse and an adjacent dwelling house the yard was let to Pontefract Corporation as a storage site for sheep pens used on market days; a use retained until 1882. (46)

The connection between the Corporation and the brewery is also evident in the case of the Rose & Crown, formerly the Spangled Bull, situated in Finkle Street, Pontefract. The inn was bought by Carters from the Borough Council, together with two adjacent houses. A deposit of £100 was paid to Messrs Coleman & Sangster, solicitors, on the 1st July, 1875. (47) Considerable delay ensued concerning the completion of the purchase, however, for the balance of £1,280-18-0 plus £100 legal expenses, was not paid until Mayday, 1877. The total payment consisted of £1,405 for the purchase of the property together with £3-18-0 which represented 52 days due rent on the property, thus revealing that the premises were previously rented by the brewery. (48)

A further inn acquired by the brewery in 1876 was the Crown, Monk Fryston. (49) Here again we find evidence of an enforced change of tenancy consequent upon the purchase with

"£1 allowed to Ths. Hirst, Monk Fryston towards expenses of law on leaving his house." (50)

On the 16th May, 1876, the Anchor Inn, Featherstone and eleven cottages were purchased by the company (51) whilst on the 29th October, 1877, the Bridge Tavern, West Haddlesey, was obtained as part of the extensive purchase of land and property made by George Carter in a private capacity during an auction sale at the Lodesborough Arms, Selby. (52) The inn was subsequently let to the brewery company by Carter and upon relinquishing his ownership of the company in 1892, Carter entered into an agreement whereby the newly established public company paid him ×5 per annum for the right to supply ale and sprits to the Bridge Tavern until September 1905. (53)

Also scheduled for sale at the abovementioned auction was

"an old established and well accustomed beerhouse, known as the Shoulder of Mutton Inn."

with butcher's shop, stable, garden, outbuildings and adjoining garth, all situated in the village of Burn, near Selby. The item is noted in the back cover of George Carter's Rent Ledger and would doubtless have elicited a bid from him had it not been withdrawn from the sale, a fact noted by Carter as a marginal comment. (54)

The sum of £5,670 was paid by Carter for the West Haddlesey estate. Retaining the public house, stables and orchard, which were let to the brewery company at £25 per annum, the remaining portion was leased out to Aaron Tankard as farmland. (55)

June 1877, saw the purchase of land and property at Fairburn. The sale, conducted by the Pontefract auctioneer, Joseph Quartermain, included premises with half an acre of garden, stables, fold steads and other outbuildings, being,

"known as the 'Top House' and recently as Ardeen House." (56)

Although not designated as such the premises were most probably a public house for such a description as that in the title deed was quite commonly used to describe properties known to be public houses. It is possible, however, that the purchase was made in order to permit conversion as licensed premises to be undertaken. (57)

In the Spring of 1876, the brewery was presented with the opportunity to rent the Bee Hive, Fearnley Green, Knottingley. The premises, originally a private residence known as 'Charles House' had later undergone conversion as a beerhouse before eventually obtaining a full beer licence. The premises were owned by Mary Ann Nichols of Doncaster (58) and had been rented by the brewery company for about two years prior to the death of the owner-occupier, Thomas Nichols. (59) In May, 1878, the inn and its garden and stables was purchased privately by Carter who then re-let the premises to the brewery company at an annual rent of £40. (60)

In January 1878, the Plough Inn, Fenwick, together with cottages and field was mortgaged by John Rhodes of Fenwick to whom George Carter advanced the sum of £500. (61) The debt appears to have become the subject of a private agreement for by February the property was the possession of George Carter on behalf of the brewery. (62) The arrangement probably conferred the leasehold on the brewery for it was not until June 1889, that the company gained outright ownership. (63)

Two other houses were acquired by the brewery in 1878. On the 6th May the Anchor, Brotherton, was bought for the sum of £1,000 and only five days later £700 was paid for the Railway Hotel, Hensall. (64) The Anchor was bought from John Swales, a farmer of Womersley and also contained a butcher's shop and pining house, [a pound for the containment of animals awaiting slaughter] fold stead, garden, orchard and several cottages adjacent to the inn. (65) In common with the earlier purchase of the New Inn, Pontefract, the acquisition of the Anchor involved payment of compensation to a third party, Robert Radley being paid £40

"for making over his purchase." (66)

The purchase of the Hensall property also involved an ex-gratia payment of 10 guineas to George Hartley, the brewery manager and chief brewer, being commission on the purchase of the inn, one of several such properties negotiated by Hartley about that time. (67)

On the 15th November, 1878, Carter privately purchased "one moiety" of the Ship Inn, Darrington, from the owner, George Dibb. (68) Two years earlier Dibb and his wife, Harriet, were the recipients of a loan of £300 from Carter at which time the inn and nearby cottages were mortgaged as security. (69) The loan was settled by an agreement which made Carter part owner of the premises. (70) Part ownership enabled Carter to obtain exclusive right for the brewery to supply the inn with beer and spirits. However, in July 1881, Carter assumed full ownership of the premises and from the 18th October that year the inn was formally let to the company (71)

Company accounts reveal the payment of £400 by George Carter in January, followed on the 5th May by a further payment of £1,824-19-0. The sums paid were made on behalf of the company to one James Proctor and obviously represent the purchase of a potentially prosperous public house although the entries provide no details to assist identification of the same. (72) However, the company records reveal that Thomas Ward, an innkeeper of Methley, received a loan about that time which was extended the following year being

"lent to pay his licences." (73)

and it is at this date that the Junction Inn, Methley, first appears in the company's books and may be an indication that the payments for the unidentified property were connected to the Methley premises. (74)

A public house to which the brewery supplied liquor on an informal basis at this time also features in the company accounts where an entry dated 12th May, 1880, records

"Beaumont, Lime Keel, Knottingley, £2 for getting ale of us - 1 year to 2nd May, £90 worth as per agreement." (75)

From this it appears that James Beaumont, who was publican at the Lamb Inn, Knottingley, between 1876-79, (76) acted as a company agent and this assumption is reinforced by the fact that on the 21st April, 1882, a deposit of £47 was made in respect of the purchase of the Lime Keel with Beaumont receiving £10

"for buying the [inn] for us." (77)

The balance of £423 was paid to London based solicitors acting on behalf of the estate of the recent owner, Hannah Barker. (78) As the premises were sold at auction it would appear that the sitting tenant, Beaumont, bid surreptitiously on behalf of the brewery. (79)

The presumed role of Beaumont in respect of the acquisition of the Lime Keel is akin to those of Thomas Wilson and Robert Radley, each of whom as shown above, respectively purchased the New Inn, Pontefract, and the Anchor Inn, Brotherton, and rapidly transferred their purchases to the brewery company. The involvement of third parties in this manner invites speculation concerning the reason for such participation. Was it merely fortuitous that the people involved were in an advantageous position to acquire the respective properties or could it perhaps be that purchase by an apparently independent person, albeit covertly acting as an agent for the company, had distinct advantages for the latter? For example, in an era of intensive competition the 'hands off' stance adopted by the brewery might perhaps be less likely to alert competitive rivals and thus minimise the likely purchase price which would have been engendered by the perceived necessity of one brewery to outbid a rival concern. Likewise, the prospective purchase by an individual would be less likely to raise the financial expectation of the vendor to the extent that the overt show of interest by the brewery company would.

The Wagon & Horses Inn, Knottingley, was acquired in a somewhat random manner. In April 1875, the publican, John Shay, who was also in business as a market gardener and shopkeeper, (80) appears to have experienced some financial difficulty which he hoped to resolve by borrowing £200 from George Carter, mortgaging the inn and nearby cottages as security for the loan. (81) Shay's problems seem to have proved to be insoluble, however, for by November 1876, William Barker had been installed as the innkeeper, renting from Carter a stable and chamber in the row of buildings known as the King's Houses, the properties previously mortgaged by Shay. (82) From this it is apparent that Shay had disposed of the properties to Carter, a fact confirmed by an entry in the company accounts dated 25th May 1880, noting Shay's repayment of the loan and interest but stating,

"This property near the Wagon & Horses Inn has been purchased from Shay By George Wm. Carter Esq. as his private property and not for the brewery." (83)

The inn, which formed part of the acquisition, was subsequently rented to the company by Carter. (84)

A point of incidental interest arising from the deed of conveyance of the Wagon & Horses is the reference to an adjoining cockpit. (85) Mention of the existence of this feature provides a lingering allusion to the life and sport which were a feature of inns in former times and complements the bear-batting activities which are recorded as having taken place at the nearby Dog Inn well into the nineteenth century.

As noted earlier, the acquisition of a new house almost always resulted in a change of publican, the company presumably installing a known and trusted tenant. The practise was particularly observed by the 1880s as the growing influence of the Temperance Movement allied to the increased discrimination in the suspension and granting of licences by local justices caused breweries to exercise greater control over their tenants and through them the respectability of their customers and the reputation of the company and its houses. A respectable publican who curbed drunkenness and cooperated with the police in the maintenance of public order became increasingly essential by the last quarter of the nineteenth century. (86) Thus, when the Bee Hive became a company holding in 1878, William Barker entered and served a two year period as tenant. (87) Following the purchase of the Wagon & Horses, Barker transferred his tenancy, staying there until 1882 before eventually returning to the Bee Hive. (88) It is not known to what extent Barker's movements were undertaken at the behest of the brewery but it is clear that the company regarded him as a reliable and trustworthy tenant to sanction his transference.

August 1880 was the date of the purchase of the Cherry Tree, Knottingley. The brewery had long had a connection with the inn through the friendship which existed between the Brown family, long established owner-occupiers and John Carter and by virtue of this connection the brewery had supplied beer to the inn for many years. A deposit of ×165 was paid to Joseph Brown in respect of the purchase of the inn, dwelling house and stables, (the latter being situated opposite the inn at the entrance to Ings [Gas House] Lane), on the 19th of June 1880. (89) The balance of £1,440 was paid on the 4th August to complete the purchase at a total cost of £1,605. (90) The note concerning the sale does scant justice to the extent of the property which in addition to the features noted above also included a barber's shop and accompanying dwelling which remained in occupational use until 1964 when the entire building was demolished to allow new premises bearing the same name to be built on the site.

On the 6th of October, 1880, a company representative attended a public auction held at the Green Dragon, Pontefract, where on behalf of the Rev. R. Ramsden

"All that old established well accustomed and fully licensed Inn called the Currier's Arms, situated in Shoemarket and Salter Row, Pontefract,.....lately in the occupation of Mrs Hannah Nicolson (deceased)."

was sold. The property was purchased for John Carter & Co., by George Hartley, the brewery manager, for the sum of £1,410. The property consisted of a yard containing a brewhouse and sundry outbuildings, including a whitesmith's shop. (91) The premises were secured by a deposit of £140. (92) However, the balance of £1,321-4-8, representing the outstanding purchase price plus interest, was not paid until the 9th August 1882. (93) The cheque had been drawn as early as May 1881, together with money in respect of outstanding rent but as one of the two appointed representatives of the vendor did not attend at a prearranged meeting to complete the deal the money was returned to Carter's account. (94) In addition to the delay arising from the complications of administrating the deceased owner's estate, further delay arose by the initial failure of the executors and the purchasers to agree on the valuation of the brewing plant which formed an element of the sale. The matter was eventually resolved by the brewery company agreeing to pay an additional sum of £24 in respect of the brewhouse. (95) The Commercial Hotel, Knottingley, which despite its imposing name is invariably described as being a beerhouse, (96) was added to the company holdings when purchased at auction, 1st July 1880. Situated alongside the Wakefield - Goole [Weeland] Road, Hill Top, opposite the approach to the railway station, the house was in a prime location to obtain the passing road or rail trade. Lacking the spaciousness and class of the more imposing Railway Hotel which stood at the opposite side of the road, the Commercial Hotel may nonetheless have drawn some of the custom away from its grander neighbour and may have prompted the bid of £526 which procured the Commercial Hotel for the brewery. (97) That the house was surplus to company requirements is clearly evident from the fact that following its conveyance to the brewery in August 1880, it was leased to Mitchell Bros., the Whitwood based brewers, at £20 per year. (98) By this arrangement the Knottingley company was able to capitalise on a dubious asset and at the same time obviate a threat to its more prestigious hotel. That Carters' could allow a rival brewery to sell its beer in such close proximity to its own hotel without fear of jeopardising the trade of the same speaks volumes for the confidence of the Knottingley firm in the superiority of its product and underlines a recently made claim that Mitchell's beer was of poor quality. (99) Nevertheless, Mitchell Bros. appear to have been sufficiently satisfied with the situation for within a short space of time they acquired the outright ownership of the former beerhouse. (100)

January 1881, saw the purchase of the Fox & Hounds, Badsworth, by the Knottingley company. The premises, together with stable, orchard and three cottages, were obtained from Dr and Mrs Oxley of Pontefract. (101) The company had previously rented the house (102) which was sold for £100, the purchase being completed in March 1881, when a sum of pre-paid rent money was returned to the brewery. (103)

The same month brought the conclusion of the protracted sequence of events which ultimately led to the Sun Inn, Featherstone, becoming the property of John Carter & Co. The transactions which underlay the eventual acquisition of the property provide a classic example of the effect of continued indebtedness of publicans to brewers, resulting in the eventual surrender of mortgaged property to the latter.

As early as May 1873, John Carter had lent £100 at 5% annual interest to William Howard, innkeeper, against the deposit of the deeds of the Sun Inn. (104) On the 7th October 1875, a further £300 was loaned (105) and late in the following year two further sums of £200 and £500 were advanced. A note alongside the latter amount stats,

"this makes £1,400 lent on this mortgage." (106)

Nevertheless, further sums totalling £470 were advanced on the security of the inn and eight newly built cottages during the following year (107) with yet a further £250, stated as being the balance of £800, being paid to Howard in February, 1878. (108) Finally, on the 31st March, 1881, Howard received £15, being the equity of the mortgage redemption. The company accounts record the sum of £2,200 lent to Howard over the years against the mortgage of his property, the amount together with £230 interest made up the purchase money of the entire property, leaving £15 for Howard. (109)

Late in 1881, a deposit of £50 was made against the purchase of a beerhouse at Haddlesey. (110) The beerhouse in question was the Queen's Arms, formerly named the Malt Shovel. The balance of £425 was paid on the 10th December 1881, the purchase being made by George Carter in a private capacity who then rented the premises to the company for £22 per annum. (111)

In addition to the above purchase, the company also obtained leases on the Fly Boat and adjacent land and premises at Whitley Lock from William Eadon Esq. of Whitley Hall (112) and on the Bell & Crown, Snaith. The latter was owned by George Bateson de Yarburgh of Heslington Hall, York. (113) The agreement concerning the Bell & Crown was subject to termination by either party upon six weeks’ notice prior to the 11th October each year. (114)

December, 1882, was the date when the company purchased the Lime Keel, a beerhouse located at Racca Green, Knottingley, on a site next to the then recently defunct Mariner's Arms. (115) This purchase was but one of several Racca Green properties acquired by George Carter at that period and was probably prompted by the awareness that a new road recently laid across the Green to replace the hitherto unmade cart track, would provide easier access and promote the custom of the newly acquired inn and also enhance local property values. (116)

A lull in the purchase of public houses seems to have occurred for a while until 1885 when a beerhouse named the Willow Tree was bought. Situated in the High Street, Ferrybridge the property had but recently been the residence of Joshua Arnall, co- inventor of the first successful glass bottle making machine. (117) The Willow Tree was purchased in October 1885, together with a cottage which stood alongside and three others located in an adjacent yard which had once formed part of the township's prison. (118)

In January,1887, the Aire Street Hotel, Knottingley, which stood at the western end of the Flatts, was added to the company holdings. The property consisted of a dwelling house and shop. The latter had formerly served as a dram shop but at the time of its acquisition by the brewery was used as a wine and spirit store. Like the Cherry Tree Inn, Knottingley, the Aire Street Hotel also incorporated a barber's shop. (119)

The following year the Half Moon, Reedness, was purchased. (120) The inn which was bought in May 1887, was originally located in another nearby dwelling house standing in Town Street but had subsequently been transferred to a neighbouring property and the original inn converted into two cottages. (121)

The Boat Inn, Sunny Bank, Knottingley was also obtained in November 1888. (122) The premises had long been occupied by John Hargrave as the tenant of John Raddings. Hargrave has the distinction of being the last of the publican-brewers who had formed a common element of the town's victualling trade before the rise of the common brewers. Hargrave continued in this dual capacity until the death of Raddings resulted in the sale of the inn and a change of tenancy under the Carter ownership. (123) The inn, with brewhouse, malt chamber, washing room, piggeries, stable and miscellaneous outbuildings, was sold by auction in August 1875, but appears not to have attracted the interest of the brewery at that time. (124) However, it was bought by the brewery twelve years later, together with three (formerly four) dwelling houses.

The Milnes Arms, Wheldale Lane, New Fryston, Castleford, was bought by the company in July 1889. (125) A few months later, the Black Moor's Head (sic), Pontefract, was also purchased. The property comprised a brewhouse, stables, loose boxes, carriage house, saddle room, shedding room, grain stores, yard and garden and stood next to another Carter inn, the Green Dragon, in Shoemarket. (126) The premises were bought of the cousins of George Carter, owners of the Wakefield Brewery Co., in which his father had formerly held an interest. (127)

January 1890, witnessed the acquisition of the freehold of the Anchor Inn, Brotherton, to which George Carter had held the leasehold since 1878. (128) In March the same year, the Old Crown, Great Houghton, Darfield, near Barnsley, was obtained by the brewery as was the Ship Inn, Swinefleet. (129)

A further house acquired about this time was the Prospect Inn, Altofts, Normanton. The inn was originally a beerhouse and upon becoming a company house was extensively refurbished. (130)

May 1890. was the date of the wholesale acquisition by Carters of public houses belonging to Mitchells Brewery of Burmantofts, Leeds. Joseph Mitchell who had established his brewery in 1868, was related to Mitchell Bros. who owned the Mere Brewery, Whitwood, Castleford, between 1860-84. Like them, Joseph had suffered the adverse effects of intensified competition from the 1870s. The Tower Brewery, Tadcaster, for instance, had launched an aggressive sales drive during the following decade, establishing stores and agencies at Wakefield, Castleford and Goole. (131) Faces with such an invasion and allied to social developments which were providing the public with alternative sources of entertainment, no brewery could afford to rest upon its reputation for quality alone. In addition to good beer the comfort of the customer became increasingly important, as did the external appearance of licensed premises. Unfortunately, Mitchells of Castleford failed to meet the criteria on all counts. Not only was their beer so bad that it wasn't even sold in many of their tied houses but the premises were also austere in nature and appearance. (132) As a result, the Tower Brewery bought out Mitchells in September 1884, paying £8,000 for the Mere brewery and ten tied houses but turning down the option to purchase five additional properties of which the valuation was considered to be excessive. (133) Many other small breweries were unable to meet the capital outlay involved in upgrading their premises and wares and were forced out of business. It is a tribute to the business sagacity of the Carters that the management and reputation of their company ensured safety from predatory action during the period of upheaval.

The premises obtained from Joseph Mitchell included only one Castleford house, the Queen's Head, in Albion Street. The Turk's Head, Gillygate, Pontefract, also formed part of the transaction which also included several premises well beyond the company's normal area of distribution. Of these latter, the nearest were the Nelson, Mickletown and the Oak tree, Boroughbridge. Slightly more distant was an inn situated at Hungerford, Morley, formerly known as the Railway Inn but refurbished and renamed as the Great Northern Hotel. (134) The most distant house was the King's Head at Stockton on Tees. (135)

In July 1891, the company purchased the Bradley Arms, Featherstone. The inn was originally identified as the Sun Inn but as that was also the name of the company house situated at Ackton Road, Featherstone, a change of identity for the newly acquired premises was necessary in order to avoid confusion. (136)

The foregoing is not, alas, quite a complete inventory of Carter owned public houses. It is known, for example, that the Company owned the George Inn, Ferrybridge, however, no deeds of conveyance concerning this and other properties have been found, owing perhaps, to the fact that registration was not compulsory until the 1970s. However, it seems somewhat puzzling that apparent non-registration should apply to a few known Carter properties when all others were formally registered.

One further inn featured in the company records is the Nag's Head, Pollington. An item in the brewery accounts indicates that this inn was still in existence in June, 1876. (137) An indenture of August 1892, referring to the King's Head, Pollington, states that it was

"....built upon the site of another tenement."

which may be a reference to a previous inn known as the Nag's Head. (138)

Alternatively, the Nag's Head may have occupied a separate, unidentified site, not formally recorded.

During the first threequarters of the nineteenth century the quality of the beer brewed by the Knottingley brewery was sufficient of itself to guarantee adequate sales and the reputation of the company. Whilst plying a brisk, regular trade amongst the workers engaged in the arduous manual occupations of the developing industrial areas such as Goole and Castleford as well as amongst the primarily agricultural workers of the neighbouring villages, the spartan nature of public house interiors made little concession to the comfort of the customers. By the final decades of the century, however, the growing influence of the Temperance Movement allied to the burgeoning effects of statutory elementary education and the advent of cheap public transport had combined to create public awareness of alternative leisure pursuits. Sporting events, seaside excursions, theatres and allied forms of entertainment and outdoor activities had caused a decline in the consumption of beer which, added to the effect of a prolonged phase of economic depression, further intensified competition within the brewing trade.

Faced by such influences the reputation of the company, in common with its business rivals, increasingly depended upon the public image projected by the appearance of its public houses and the conduct of the landlords and customers of its company controlled premises. (139) Consequently, the upgrading of the tied houses became a sin qua non for long term business survival. (140) Although lacking detail, the trend is clearly discernible through recourse to the records of the Knottingley brewery. Thus, by reference to the Knottingley owned houses alone we see a microcosmic example of the pattern applicable to the company holdings and, indeed, to the trade in general.

As early as 1865, William Myers, publican at the Royal Oak, was experiencing poor trade and in consequence fell into arrears of rent which had to be cleared by recourse to payment of the overdue amount by irregular, periodic instalments. (141) Likewise, when Leo Swaine of the Greyhound Inn paid his rent the following year his financial plight was so obvious that the company allowed him a discount of 10s.

"......he having had a bad year." (142)

Nor does it appear that Swaine's financial circumstances improved much in the ensuing years for only two years later it was necessary for him to appeal to John Carter for the loan of £30. (143) Declining trade is evident by 1882 when William Whitaker of the Duke of York Inn, had

"£2 - allowed for bad times." (144)

and again, the following year, the landlord of the Anchor Inn was also allowed £1 in consequence of "bad times." (145)

It is instructive to note that the onset of the decline in trade at Knottingley coincided with a period of intense local activity by the Temperance Society. A parade by the Band of Hope drum and fife band through the neighbourhood was followed by a series of lectures given by representatives of the Temperance Society in the Wesleyan Schoolroom, in 1865. (146) Temperance agitation had commenced in general about the 1830s as opposition to the consumption of foreign spirits in favour of the traditional British ale which was considered to be less harmful to public health and morals. Throughout the succeeding decades, however, the agitation developed into a movement in favour of complete abstinence and then to one for total prohibition.

The attention of the temperance advocates to the need for local action can hardly have been unexpected following an incident at Knottingley in May 1865, when 40 militiamen who had been undertaking manoeuvres during their annual camp at Pontefract, caused a riotous scene at the Ship Inn, a Carter house, before rampaging through the town en-route back to camp. (147) The Ship Inn seems to have had a particularly unenviable record of disorder and when a further breakdown of public order occurred some years later, in 1878, the brewery company, by this time more sensitive to the damage to its reputation, was ruthless in the exercise of its authority. On the latter occasion the publican, Edward Spence, had not only allowed drunkenness on his premises but had compounded the offence by being drunk himself. As a result, Spence was instantly discharged from his tenancy despite having served the company throughout the fourteen preceding years. (148) It is also an indication, perhaps, of the company's jealously guarded reputation for the maintenance of public order that its nomination of William Barker as the incoming tenant of the newly acquired Bee Hive Inn was instrumental in securing renewal of the licence, the probability of which had been doubtful following police reports of disturbances shortly after the death of the owner- publican and the succession of his widow as the licensee. (149)

An interesting indication of the degree of control the company exercised over its tenants at this period is the conditions of service they were expected to formally subscribe to prior to taking up their duties. (150)

The repair and maintenance of its public houses had naturally been a part of the company's expenditure throughout its existence. By the 1860s, however, the expenditure became increasingly heavier. An example of how such expense applied to rented property and the way it was disbursed is seen by reference to the Mail Coach Inn, Pontefract. Thus, repairs of an unspecified nature costing £1-7-6 were undertaken in May 1864, being paid for by the brewery and debited to the owner's rent account. (151) Further repairs in January 1867, totalling £6-4-10, resulted in £3-15-0 being allowed to the company in lieu of rent and the sum of £2-9-0 being paid to the brewery as reimbursement. (152) Again, two amounts spent on unspecified repairs to the Royal Hotel, Batley, are recorded early in 1870. (153) Such infrequent amounts suggest the basic nature of the repairs and, indeed, something, perhaps, of the fundamental nature of the premises themselves at this time. It is only with the accession of George Carter and the coincidental intensification of trade competition that the growing awareness of the need to pander to public taste in its desire for increased comfort resulted in expenditure on repairs and redecoration becoming a recurrent feature in the company accounts.

The principal area of expenditure was in respect of repainting company houses. A noticeable feature in this regard is the amount of work regularly undertaken by the Knottingley family firm of William Mowbray. In the decade from 1876, Mowbray was almost constantly engaged throughout the summer months painting brewery premises. To cite but a few examples. In June,1876, Mowbray painted the Anvil Inn, Knottingley and the Nag's Head, Pollington. (154) The following year the firm painted the Red Lion and the Bay Horse, Rising Sun, Ship and the Anchor and also the adjacent cottages and buildings at each venue, all being painted within the space of a single month at a total cost of £23. (155) The following month the painters alternated between Knottingley where the Duke of York and the Royal Oak were painted and the village of Beal where the King's Head and the Punch Bowl were similarly treated, the whole being undertaken at a charge of £13-15-0. (156) In 1878, Mowbrays painted the Steam Packet and adjacent premises, Goole, before moving on to clean out the gutters and spouts of that town's Sydney Hotel as a preliminary to repainting the property. (157) The same month of June, a house and shop in Salter Row, Pontefract, received Mowbray's attention before the firm moved on to paint the Hope & Anchor Inn, Pontefract. (158) The Earnshaw (Railway) Hotel, Knottingley, with its stables and nearby cottages came next (159) while in September the firm completed the season by painting the Heck Bridge Inn. (160) The total cost to the brewery of such extensive work was less than £50. Where the fabric of the inns were rendered with a protective covering of pebbledash or plaster the entire exterior was treated. In August,1880, four Knottingley pubs; the Ship, Anchor, Bay Horse and Anvil, were colour splashed as well as painted, the two former at a cost of £10 each and the latter pair at £8-5-0. (161) The examples quoted are merely an indication of the recurrent nature of the work undertaken by Mowbrays, examples such as may be applied to most years after 1870. Nor was such work confined to Mowbray's business. In 1880, for example, Gawthorp & Burton were engaged to paint the New Inn, Pontefract. (162) Three years earlier one Wass had been paid £4-13-0 for painting the company's house at Smeaton. (163) Also ,in 1877, William Thackray long serving tenant at the Three Horse Shoes, Brierley, had undertaken to paint his own premises for £3. (164)

Repairs and alterations to company houses also feature frequently in the brewery accounts from the mid-1870s. From small routine jobs such as the 7s6d paid to Charles Wilson for repairs to the yard and connecting passage of the Anchor, Knottingley, (165) to the £30 paid to two separate tradesmen in respect of alterations to the New Inn, Pontefract, in 1877. (166) Such alterations naturally preceded interior decoration. Thus, following work at the Rose & Crown, Pontefract, for which Richard Tate of Knottingley was paid £11-7-6 in 1880, William Mowbray was engaged to repaint the inn at a cost of £5-10-0. (167)

Of many examples just a few must suffice to illustrate the expenditure of time and labour and money which mark the increased attention paid to the appearance of the company holdings during the closing decades of the nineteenth century.

The company paid £34-13-0 to improve the sanitary facilities of the Sydney Hotel, Goole, in 1879. (168) Ironically, the refurbishment of this particular inn cost the company £62 in damages and costs arising from an incident when a pedestrian slipped and injured her spine on the glass lights set into the pavement in order to provide daylight to the vaults beneath. (169) With the welfare of the customers in mind the brewery gave £10 to George Green of the Railway Hotel, Knottingley, in 1877, to purchase a new cooking range which was added to the inventory of the company's property (170) while in 1883, the same premises were redecorated internally at a cost of £22-10-0. (171) The same year the cost of decorating the Cherry Tree, Knottingley, was shared with the tenant, the brewery's share being £6-5-0. (172) Also, in 1883, the company paid £1-10-0 towards the cost of wallpaper hung at the Anchor Inn, Knottingley, (173) while £3 had been allowed towards the cost of papering the Cross Swords, Pontefract, in 1881. (174)

The above examples suggest that the cost of repairs and external decoration was borne by the brewery whereas the cost of internal decoration was frequently a shared expense, perhaps in cases where the publican took the initiative in the hope of attracting more trade by making his premises more comfortable and presentable.

Aspects of planned redesign of premises are also evident from the 1870s. A plan of the Pine Apple, Pontefract, is known to have been drawn by a Mr Malcolm, a Pontefract architect, in December 1870, at a cost of 15s. (175) The purpose of the plan is not stated but as it was drawn at the time of the company's acquisition of the premises it suggests that it may have been prompted with improvement in mind. A specific purpose is stated with regard to a plan drawn by Malcolm in April 1877, of a company house in Salter Row, Pontefract. The plan was utilised to indicate intended improvements to the premises in order to obtain the transfer of the licence from an un- named company house. (176) Unfortunately, further details of the plan and the pending application are denied us but the awareness of Malcolm's plan in this connection adds weight to the conjectured activity at the Pine Apple Inn some years earlier.

It may also be of significance to note that both John and George Carter were members of the Leeds based Brewers' Association and regularly attended its meetings. (177) Both men subscribed to the Brewers' Journal and were therefore fully aware of the latest developments within the trade and presumably influenced by such awareness to follow or even on occasion, anticipate, trends within the trade. (178) Such influence may account for a series of transactions undertaken by the company from the mid-1860s. In April 1865, John Carter purchased a cottage and yard situated close to the Hope & Anchor, Pontefract. (179) In October 1881, a further cottage on the site was purchased (180) Betweentimes, property adjacent to the Cross Swords, Pontefract, had also been purchased in 1876 (181) to add to the house and shop near the inn, bought of Mrs Overand in December 1873. (182) The purchase of these properties may be an indication of long-term planning involving site clearance and redevelopment of the site. Indeed, such was the case with regard to the Hope & Anchor which was in the process of being rebuilt when Carter sold the brewery and its holdings in 1892. (183) Incidentally, the Salter Row properties may have featured in conjunction with Malcolm's plan of 1877. If, as seems likely, the transfer application featured the Cross Swords Inn then it must have been unsuccessful for the original buildings remained intact until 1892 (184) and the houses and shop contiguous to the inn were painted by Mowbrays in June, 1878, the year following their purchase. (185)

Yet another sign of improvement is the demolition of an old barn situated in Frank's Close, next to the brewery. In March 1882, the barn was reported to be

"pulled down and a new lodge and stable for the Rising Sun built in its place." (186)

The lodge was part of the entrance to the brewery site, being part of the wider improvements which were undertaken at that time but the provision of additional facilities for the Rising Sun is an indication of the attention given to improving company houses at this period.

A further aspect of the desire of the company to increase public awareness of its products is the growing recourse to various forms of advertising. Apart from the well established practise of paying for placements in trade directories there is no sign of direct advertising by the brewery before the 1870s. Prior to that decade the company relied upon incidental forms of advertising such as the presentation of trade cards by brewery personnel or the company name and insignia displayed on its drays, crates or perhaps featured on the inn signs of its tied houses. More noticeably and yet paradoxically, the company and its products were brought to the forefront of public awareness through personal publicity afforded to members of the family through their public benefactions and involvement in civic affairs. Nor was there a need for high profile advertising in an age when the desire and ability of the public to travel far beyond the immediate neighbourhood was minimal. The local brew had its own unrivalled reputation for strength and quality and even if this was not to everyone's taste, tied houses largely ensured tied drinkers who either accepted the status quo or did without. In the days when the public water supply was of dubious quality the local brewery provided an attractive alternative, particularly to a working-class population inured to arduous physical labour.

By the time George Carter became head of the company the need to advertise, although yet low key, was becoming increasingly apparent. The long-established entries continued to appear in trade directories although these were by nature more by way of general information than for the promotion of sales. (187) However, the Royal Hotel, Batley, was actively promoted by means of adverts in the Dewsbury Reporter and the Leeds Mercury at different times between 1874-80 (188) The more commonplace method of advertising via company vehicles continued. In October 1879, for instance, the brewery having paid £20 to R.Wright of Beal to paint its drays, then paid £3-15-0 to the ubiquitous William Mowbray to letter the same with the name of the company. (189) Mowbray was also employed to paint inn signs, painting one such at Hensall the following month. (190) The most conspicuously innovating sign of fashionable advertising undertaken by the company at this period was, however, the purchase in 1878 of glass tablets bearing the company name. The objects were hung like mirrors in the company's houses and were supplied by J.H. Gathercole of Birmingham, who also supplied show cards for display in the pubs. (191) A further feature from this period was the introduction of custom made windowpanes with the brewery name sandblasted upon the surface. The passage of years has brought more sophisticated forms of advertising and the inevitable breakages and modernisation of premises has resulted in the virtual disappearance of these specialist forms of company advertising. However, an example of a sandblasted window bearing the Carter name may yet be seen at the Rawcliffe Bridge Hotel. (192) and the writer was fairly recently shown several items bearing the company name by the now retired landlord of the King's Arms Inn, Beal. (193) The advertising novelties of a century or more ago are now rare enough to be regarded as brewery memorabilia.

At a time when the intensification of competition and the changing social conditions were becoming disadvantageous to the brewing trade in general, Knottingley brewery was faced with a further unwelcome financial blow in the form of a substantial increase in the local rate. As a result the public houses within the town, most of which belonged to Carters', were hit hard. The table below shows the comparative effect on the five public houses most affected by the rate increase.

(194)

In addition to the public houses the brewery buildings were also re-assessed (Lime Grove and its vinery remained unchanged at the annual rate of £70) The brewery and on-site maltkilns were increased from £142 and £96 respectively to a total of £361, an increase of 66%.

While accepting the proposed levy on most of the public houses the company decided to appeal against the new assessment of the five listed above. The appeal failed, however, leaving the company to determine whether to increase the rents of its tenants, some of whom were already experiencing hardship. As all the other inns of the town were affected by the rate increase, albeit to a lesser extent, the company decided to increase the rents to offset the rate burden. Consequently, most rents rose over the period 1876-84 by amounts varying between £2 and £4 per annum, whilst out of town houses maintained stable rents. (195)

---

NOTES: (Some information may be incomplete)
(1) C.A.E. John Carter's Private Ledger, 1860-69 (n.p.) entries 20-12-1860 & 13-2-1861 re G.W. Carter's tuition. Ibid. 4-2-1861 for details of expenditure re university residence.
(2) ibid. entries 24-6-1865 & 6-10-1865.
(3) ibid. entry 35-5-1868.
(4) loc cit, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1869-72, (n.p.) entry 7-6-1871.
(5) C.A.E. Miscellaneous uncatalogued business papers. List of Benchers & Barristers, Greys Inn.
(6) C.A.E. Company Account Book,1870-78, folios 47 &77.
(7) ibid. folio 53.
(8) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p251.
(9) ibid. p255
(10) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 98.
(11) ibid. folio 147.
(12) ibid. folio 202 & passim.
(13) ibid. folio 92.
(14) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1880-81, folio 16.
(15) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 172.
(16) ibid. folio 196. Also, G.W.Carter's Statutory Declaration, 5th July, 1892 and also, c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 783/191/228.
(17) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 202.
(18) ibid. folios 165 & 187. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 770/624/742.
(19) loc cit, 873/175/205.
(20) C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 94. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 4/392/234.
(21) loc cit, 873/175/205 & 27/705/365 & 29/125/65. Also, C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 94.
(22) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 716/12/12 & 707/82/94.
(23) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-75, folio 135.
(24) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 735/40/24.
(25) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-75, folio 135.
(26) loc cit Rent Ledger, 1860-75, pp135-137.
(27) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1873-80, folio 210. Also, c.f. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85. p 275.
(28) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 104.
(29) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1860-75, pp257-58.
(30) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, pp164-65.
(31) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 712/679/777.
(32) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 120.
(33) ibid. folio 124. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 728/89/104.
(34) C.A.E. Rent Ledger, 1860-75, p201.
(35) loc cit, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79. (n.p.) entries 26-1-1875 & 3-5-1875.
(36) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folios 131 & 138. Also, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79. (n.p.) entries 261-1875 & 3-5-1875. Also c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 26/506/227.
(37) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 143.
(38) ibid. folio 167.
(39) ibid. folio 192. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 780/245/262.
(40) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folios 172 & 178.
(41) Holmes, op cit, p19.
(42) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 192. Also, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79, (n.p.) entry 28-4-1877.
(43) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 178, Also, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79, (N.P.) entry,22-11-1876. Also, c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 764/426/469.
(44) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 181.
(45) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p131.
(46) ibid.
(47) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 143.
(48) ibid, folio 192. Also, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79, (n.p.) entry 1-5-1877. Also, c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 780/245/263.
(49) C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85, p255 &p429.
(50) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-81, folio 181.
(51) G.W.Carter's Statutory Declaration, 5th July, 1892.
(52) C.A.E. Rent Ledger, 1875-85, has a news cuttings appended containing full details of sale. Also, c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 793/448/505.
(53) C.A.E. Rent Book, 1885-1913, p53.
(54) loc cit, Rent Book, 1875-85.
(55) ibid. p71 & p77.
(56) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 777/710/801 & 781/426/480.
(57) loc cit, 29/125/65.
(58) Pontefract Advertiser, 18th May 1878.
(59) C.A.E. Rent Book, 1876-85, p441.
(60) ibid & p45. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 836/526/593.
(61) loc cit, Company Account Book,1870-78, folio 213.
(62) loc cit, Rent Book, 1876-85, p245. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 794/428/484.
(63) loc cit, 19/488/276.
(64) loc cit, 804/312/378. Also, C.A.E. John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79, (n.p) entry 6-5-1878. Also, Company Account Book,1870-78, folios 216 & 220.
(65) ibid. folio 216.
(66) ibid. folio 221.
(67) ibid. folio 218 For further examples of Hartley's involvement in public house purchases c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 726/275/318 & 890/393/490.
(68) loc cit, 809/678/765. Also, C.A.E. Rent Ledger,1875-85, p311.
(69) ibid. pp535-36. Also, John Carter's Account Book, 1870-78, folio175 & W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 766/154/168.
(70) C.A.E. John Carter's Account Book, 1870-78, folio 234.
(71) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1875-85, p312.
(72) loc cit, John Carter's Private Ledger, 1846-79, (n.p.) entries 22-1-1879 & 5-3-1879.
(73) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1879-81, folio 23 & 1876-85, p515.
(74) ibid. p426.
(75) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 88.
(76) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p17.
(77) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 30. Also W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. 890/391/48.
(78) ibid. folio 35.
(79) ibid. folio 56. Also, Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p67.
(80) Post Office Directory, 1878.
(81) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 138. Also, Rent Ledger, 1860-75, p130 & Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p537. Also,W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 726/276/321.
(82) loc cit, 751/10/11. Also, C.A.E. Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p299.
(83) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 39.
(84) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1875-85, p303. Also, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger,1876-85, p39. & W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 845/566/873.
(85) loc cit,27/713/366. For information regarding public houses as centres for sports and pastimes c.f. Brander, op cit, p19, p22, & p32.
(86) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p254.
(87) C.A.E. Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p45.
(88) ibid. p39.
(89) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 40.
(90) ibid. folio 44. Also, Rent Ledger, 1876-85, p410. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 845/566/673 & 864/647/793.
(91) Pontefract Museum. Carter File, Miscellaneous Papers. Notice of Auction and Bill of Sale re Curriers Arms Inn, Pontefract, I am indebted to Mr J.O.Holmes for drawing my attention to this sourceand to Mr R. Van Riel, Museum Curator, for making the material available for my use.
(92) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1879-81folio 49.
(93) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 39 & folio 51. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 885/170/212 & 917/400/480.
(94) C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 3.
(95) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 53.
(96) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85, p50. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 865/44/500 & 864/647/793.
(97) C.A.E. Company Account Book,1879-81, folio 45.
(98) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 23.
(99) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p168.
(100) K.T.R.B. 1884, folio 9 & K.T.R.B., 1887, folio 59, for indications of sale of premises to Mitchell Bros.
(101) C.A.E. Company Account Book,1879-81, folio 45. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 860/159/200.
(102) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1860-70, folio 41.
(103) ibid. Also, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 60. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 864/647/793.
(104) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio83.
(105) loc cit, Rent Ledger, 1860-75, p275.
(106) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folios 176 & 182. Also, Rent Ledger, 1860-75, p275.
(107) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folios 202,207 & 210.
(108) ibid. folio 213.
(109) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1879-81, folio 62. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 857/470/511, 756/386/464, 764/427/470 & 783/608/689.
(110) C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 17.
(111) ibid. folio 20. Also, W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 869/653/799.
(112) C.A.E. G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85, pp223-445.
(113) ibid. p447.
(114) ibid.
(115) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 890/391/488.
(116) C.A.E. Uncatalogued business papers. Plan of proposed new roads, Cow Lane and Back Lane (Croft). Also, c.f. W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 890/392/489, 890/393/490, 891/230/276 & 905/81/113 all of which refer to the intended new road in connection with the purchase by G.W.Carter of land at Racca Green. For further details of the proposals concerning the proposed construction of the new road c.f. K.S.M.B., 'C' 1852-61, p19 & p22 and Book 'D',1861-87, p112 & passim.
(117) Blanchard. D. (ed), op cit, Volume 1, p44.
(118) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 26/773/435 & 27/713/366.
(119) loc cit, 3/323/170 & 26/506/227.
(120) loc cit, 17/619 343.
(121) loc cit, 27/705/365.
(122) loc cit, 34/466/250.
(123) K.T.R.B. 1884, folio 46, lists Hargrave as the publican but his name is crossed out in 1887, indicating his recent replacement following Carters' acquisition of the Boat Inn that year. c.f. K.T.R.B. 1887, folio 27.
(124) Pontefract Advertiser 7th August 1875.
(125) W.Y.A.S, Wakefield, 22/713/395 & 26/506/227.
(126) loc cit, 34/179/101.
(127) loc cit, 26/506/227.
(128) ibid. & 11/114/65.
(129) loc cit, 12/564/286.
(130) loc cit, 27/705/365.
(131) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p166 & p104, f/n, Slaters Directory 1891, & Kellys Directory 1904, for details of agents and stores established by rival breweries in the Knottingley district.
(132) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p168.
(133) ibid & p105, f/n.
(134) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 27/713/366.
(135) loc cit, 16/630/372. I am indebted to Mr David Parry for information concerning the Carter acquisitions from Joseph Mitchell. For details of the Mitchell brewing dynasty c.f. Goodchild. J. 'Castleford Brewing', unpublished monograph, (1979), The Goodchild Collection, Wakefield. I am grateful to Mr John Goodchild for drawing my attention to this source and for making the material available to me.
(136) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 24/654/353.
(137) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p284. Also, C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1873-80, folio 116.
(138) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield. UL/407/490.
(139) Gourvish & Wilson, op cit, p29.
(140) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1860-70, folio 110.
(141) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1860-70, folio 142.
(142) ibid.folio 185.
(143) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 43.
(144) ibid. folio 79.
(145) Pontefract Advertiser 12th August 1865 & 9th December, 1865.
(146) Girouard. M. 'Victorian Pubs' (p/b ed. 1984) p17. For general survey of the brewing industry and the temperance movement c.f. Gutzke. D.W. 'Protecting the Pub - Brewers & Publicans Against Temperance', Royal Historical Society Studies in History No. 58 (1989) and Harrison. B. 'Drink & The Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815-72' (1971).
(147) Pontefract Advertiser 20th May 1865.
(148) ibid. 5th August 1878 & 19th October, 1878.
(149) ibid. 18th May 1878.
(150) C.A.E. Company Account Book, 1880-81, folio 17.
(151) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1860-70, folio 80.
(152) ibid. folio 150.
(153) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folios 78 & 80.
(154) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1873-80, folio 116.
(155) ibid. folios 148 & 149.
(156) ibid. folio 149.
(157) ibid. folios 171 & 173.
(158) ibid. folio 175.
(159) ibid. folio 176.
(160) ibid. folio 178.
(161) ibid. folio 231.
(162) ibid. folio 232.
(163) ibid. folio 156.
(164) ibid. folio 151.
(165) ibid. folio 137.
(166) ibid. folio 153.
(167) ibid. folios 219 & 223.
(168) ibid. folio 208.
(169) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85,folio 66
(170) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 205.
(171) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 59.
(172) ibid. folio 67.
(173) ibid.
(174) ibid. folio 20.
(175) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1870-78, folio 18.
(176) ibid. folio 191.
(177) ibid. folios 22,81,129 & passim.
(178) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1873-80, folio 177.
(179) loc cit, Company Account Book,1860-70, folio 103.
(180) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folios 13 & 15.
(181) loc cit, Company Account Book,1870 78, folios 78 & 179.
(182) ibid. folios 100 & 109.
(183) W.Y.A.S. Wakefield, 1/483/248.
(1834 Holmes, op cit, p12.
(185) C.A.E. Company Account Book,1870-78, folio 175.
(186) loc cit, G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85, p63.
(187) loc cit,G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1881-85, folio 67.
(188) loc cit, Company Account Book, 1873-80, folio 107. Also, Account Book,1873-80, folio 224.
(189) ibid. folio 206.
(190) ibid. folio 208.
(191) ibid. folios 172 & 177.
(192) I am indebted to Mr David Parry for this information.
(193) I am grateful to Mr Peter Jackson, recently retired landlord of the Kings Head, Beal for allowing me to view the objects mentioned and also for providing me with a copy of the inventory of the Kings Head.
(194) G.W.Carter's Private Ledger, 1876-85. (note pasted onto the back cover of the ledger.)
(195) ibid. passim.